(a) A specific type of animal
(b) A group of entities with similar characteristics
(c) A unit of measurement
(d) A philosophical theory
Explanation:
A category is "a kind of entity, or a group of entities having some similarity among them." This aligns with option
(b).
2. In the context of epistemology, what does the term "category" refer to?
(a) A way of organizing knowledge
(b) An attribute or characteristic of something
(c) A specific school of thought
(d) All of the above
Explanation:
philosophically, a category is "an attribute, property, quality, or characteristic that can be predicated of a thing."
This aligns with option (b).
3. Who is credited with introducing the idea of categories in epistemology?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Socrates
(d) None of the above
Explanation:
Aristotle (384-322 BC) as the originator of the concept of categories in epistemology. This aligns with option (b).
4. What is the title of the work by Aristotle that discusses categories?
(a) The Republic
(b) The Symposium
(c) The Categories
(d) Metaphysics
Explanation: the title as "The Categories (Greek Κατηγορίαι Katēgoriai; Latin Categoriae)". This aligns with option
(c).
Aristotle had claimed that the following ten predicates or categories could be asserted of anything in general:
Substance (man, dog, stone, gold, timber, house, etc.)
5. How many categories does The Categories identify for classifying objects of human apprehension?
(a) It depends on the specific object
(b) It uses a continuous spectrum
(c) Ten
(d) The answer cannot be determined from the passage
Explanation:
"The Categories places every object of human apprehension under one of ten categories." This aligns with
option (c).
6. How did some commentators view the purpose of Aristotle's categories?
(a) To represent the fundamental structure of reality
(b) To reflect the elements used in forming statements
(c) To categorize objects based on their material composition
(d) To classify knowledge into different disciplines
Explanation:
"Some commentators have argued that his distinctions were really linguistic" and that Aristotle's categories
refer to "the elements of statements." This aligns with option (b).
7. What is the primary category in Aristotle's system ?
(a) Relations
(b) Actions
(c) Substance
(d) Qualities
Explanation:
"The primary category is substance." It goes on to define substance as "individual things that exist." This aligns
with option (c).
8. How did Aristotle view the purpose of his categories compared to the commentator's perspective?
(a) There is no disagreement between Aristotle and the commentators.
(b) Aristotle believed his categories reflected the nature of reality, while commentators saw them as linguistic
tools.
(c) Commentators thought the categories described how things are made, while Aristotle focused on their
existence.
(d) Aristotle used them for subject analysis, whereas commentators saw them as relevant to statements.
Explanation:
The key difference: "However, Aristotle himself thought that he was referring to the nature of reality. In contrast,
some commentators..." This aligns with option (b).
9. How describe a Kantian category?
(a) A specific type of substance in the Aristotelian sense
(b) A mental framework for interpreting the world before experience
(c) A category derived from analyzing library subject phrases
(d) A category used for classifying knowledge in different fields
Explanation:
A Kantian category as "a pure concept of the understanding" and "a characteristic of the appearance of any
object in general, before it has been experienced." This aligns with option (b).
10. Why does argue that Kantian categories are less relevant to library classification?
(a) Because they are too focused on individual objects
(b) Because they deal with the nature of reality, not information organization
(c) Because they are based on statements, not subject phrases used in libraries
(d) Because they were developed too late in history
Explanation:
"Kant’s categories refer to whole statements and do not appear to have much relevance to library needs. In
subject analysis we are not making statements but phrases." This aligns with option (c).In philosophyof
Immanuel Kant(1724-1804), a category is a pure concept of the understanding. A Kantian category is a
characteristic of the appearance of any object in general, before it has been experienced.
11. Credits to J.O. Kaiser with pioneering what concept in subject indexing?
(a) The use of alphabetical order
(b) The distinction between concretes and processes
(c) The application of faceted classification
(d) The development of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
Explanation:
J. Kaiser's distinction between "concretes" and "processes" was an "early simple example" that became a
foundation for future work. This aligns with option (b).
J. O. Kaiser : the Pioneer of Subject Categories From here we can jump straight to 20th century.An early simple
example is the practice of J. Kaiser in alphabetical indexing for an industrial firm. For this purpose he found
that the most helpful distinction was between the categories of concretes and processes, as in the subject
spraying (process) of paint (concrete).
12. What is a limitation of J.O. Kaiser's categorization system?
(a) It is too complex for practical use.
(b) It relies on memorization of specific categories.
(c) It is not applicable to alphabetical indexing.
(d) It has a limited range of subjects it can handle.
Explanation:
Kaiser's system is "obviously limited in the number of subjects to which it applies." This aligns with option (d).
13. Why does mention the use of categories in bibliographic classification?
(a) To criticize the lack of categories in some systems.
(b) To argue that categories are essential for information organization.
(c) To introduce J.O. Kaiser's work in subject indexing.
(d) To compare the use of categories in different classification schemes.
Explanation:
"Use of Categories for grouping of terms has become essential to organize knowledge into a coherent structure."
This suggests the purpose is to highlight the importance of categories, aligning with option (b).
14. How describe the use of categories in the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) historically?
(a) The DDC has always relied heavily on a wide range of categories.
(b) The concept of categories was recently introduced into the DDC.
(c) The DDC initially used place and time categories but later abandoned them.
(d) The DDC's use of categories has always been systematic and comprehensive.
Explanation:
"The concept of categories was alien to it until very recently" for the DDC. This aligns with option (b).
15. How does view the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) in relation to faceted classification and
categories?
(a) The UDC is not considered a true faceted classification despite using categories.
(b) The UDC is a well-developed faceted classification system based on clear categories.
(c) The UDC's use of categories was more systematic than the DDC's.
(d) The passage does not discuss the UDC's relationship to faceted classification.
Explanation:
"The UDC is credited by many to be the first faceted classification, howsoever primitive, yet its facets never
correspond to categories in the real sense." This suggests the UDC is seen as a primitive faceted system where
categories are not perfectly aligned, aligning with option (a).
Use of Categories for grouping of terms has become essential to organize knowledge into a coherent
structure.Facet analysis is a tool for organization of information.From the beginning of the 20thcentury categories were more generally used in development of the UDC.
16. Who is credited with developing a comprehensive set of categories for bibliographic classification?
(a) J.O. Kaiser
(b) S.R. Ranganathan
(c) Thomas S. Kuhn
(d) D.W. Langridge
Explanation:
"S R Ranganathan (1892-1972) was the first to make full use of a clearly defined set of categories..." This aligns
with option (b).
This work was left to S R Ranganthan (1892-1972) “Ranganathan was the first to make full use of a clearly
defined set of categories that were also the most generalized ever proposed for bibliographic purposes”, writes
D. W. Langridge
17. Over what period did S.R. Ranganathan develop his concept of the Five Fundamental Categories (FFC)?
(a) 1892-1928
(b) 1928-1952
(c) 1952 onwards
(d) The exact period is not mentioned
Explanation:
Ranganathan "slowly developed from 1928 to 1952 the concept of Five Fundamental Categories." This aligns with
option (b).
Ranganathan slowly developed from 1928 to 1952 the concept of Five Fundamental Categories (FFC) of
knowledge. Full development of categories has been seen since the 4thedition (1952) of the CC. His concept of
fundamental categories is comparable to any great theory of the order of what Thomas S Kuhn (1922-1996)
calls paradigms.
18. How does compare Ranganathan's FFC to the work of Thomas S. Kuhn?
(a) They both focused on the categorization of knowledge for library classification.
(b) Ranganathan's FFC is seen as an equivalent to Kuhn's concept of paradigms.
(c) Kuhn's work provided the foundation for Ranganathan's development of the FFC.
(d) The passage does not mention any connection between Ranganathan and Kuhn.
Explanation:
Ranganathan's concept "is comparable to any great theory of the order of what Thomas S Kuhn...calls
paradigms." This suggests a comparison between the FFC and paradigms, aligning with option (b).
His concept of fundamental categories is comparable to any great theory of the order of what Thomas S Kuhn
(1922-1996) calls paradigms
19. What is the core principle behind Ranganathan's Five Fundamental Categories?
(a) Every subject can be classified based on its personality, matter, energy, space, and time aspects.
(b) There are exactly 104 fundamental categories in the universe of knowledge.
(c) The FFC reflects a recurring symmetry in the organization of all knowledge.
(d) The FFC is similar to how a chemist identifies elements in any substance.
Explanation:
FFC is based on the idea that "every idea, every subject is a manifestation of one or more (at the most five)
categories" and that this "recurrence of the fundamental categories" is similar to how a chemist recognizes
elements. This aligns with option (d).
The basis of the fundamental categories concept seems to be the recurring symmetry in the whole body of
knowledge which in turn is transmitted to the coherent fragments called the main classes. It is a postulate that
every idea, every subject is manifestation of one or more (at the most five) categories.
20. How many fundamental categories did Ranganathan propose in his system?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 104
Explanation:
Ranganathan proposed "Five and only Five Fundamental Categories." This aligns with option (c).
Five Fundamental Categories-- Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time. It means that in the CC the
recurrence of the fundamental categories is exactly in the manner a chemist recognizes every kind of matter, in
any form, is constituent of any or some of the 104 basic chemical elements. How he formulated the FFCs
21. How does describe the challenge of categorizing knowledge at the most fundamental level?
(a) There are too few categories to encompass all concepts.
(b) The sheer number of concepts makes categorization overwhelming.
(c) Identifying underlying patterns requires complex calculations.
(d) Coming up with unique names for each category is difficult.
Explanation:
"At the empirical level we encounter millions of concepts... We can easily divide them in a few groups... But these
are not seminal categories." This highlights the difficulty of reaching the most fundamental level, aligning with
option (b).
22. What is a key step in Ranganathan's method for identifying fundamental categories?
(a) Analyzing the names of different subjects
(b) Grouping concepts based on surface similarities
(c) Intuition gained from studying the nature of facets
(d) Applying a logical deduction process
Explanation:
Ranganathan's method as "descending from the phenomenal level to their roots... a work of intuition." It also
mentions him studying "the kind of facets to be found in different subjects." This suggests intuition based on in-
depth analysis, aligning with option (c).
23. How does D.J. Foskett define ideal categories for classification?
(a) Derived from common patterns observed across subjects
(b) Based on a clear and logical hierarchy
(c) Mutually exclusive and all-encompassing within their domain
(d) Easy to remember and apply in practice
Explanation:
Foskett defines categories as "clear cut, homogenous, mutually exclusive and exhaustive of their universe." This
aligns with option (c).
24. Does Ranganathan was directly influenced by Aristotle's categories?
(a) The passage confirms Ranganathan explicitly acknowledged his debt to Aristotle.
(b) The passage suggests a possible connection between their ideas but no direct influence.
(c) The passage states Ranganathan rejected Aristotle's categories in favor of his own.
(d) The passage does not mention any connection between Ranganathan and Aristotle.
Explanation:
Langridge "feels that Ranganathan seems to derive from Aristotle's idea of substance, but he does not mention any debt to Aristotle..." This suggests a possible connection but no confirmed influence, aligning with option (b).
25. How explain the difference between Ranganathan's and Aristotle's categories?
(a) Ranganathan focused on practical classification, while Aristotle aimed for philosophical understanding.
(b) Aristotle's categories were more numerous and less well-defined.
(c) Their differences stem from the specific goals of each system.
(d) The passage does not discuss any difference between their categories.
Explanation:
"The difference is due to different aims." This suggests the number of categories and their purpose explain the
difference, aligning with option (c).
Langridge feels that “Ranganathan seems to derive from Aristotle’s idea of substance, buthe does not mention
any debt to Aristotle… It is easy enough to see how the five of one relate to the ten of the other.” The difference
is due to different aims.
26. A key difficulty with Ranganathan's Five Fundamental Categories (FFC). What is it?
(a) There are too many categories for practical use.
(b) The categories are not clearly defined.
(c) The FFC is not applicable to all types of knowledge.
(d) The names of the categories are misleading.
Explanation:
The passage repeatedly emphasizes the difficulty of defining the FFC objectively. Phrases like "Categories tend
to evade all definitions" and "We know what they mean: but cannot tell what they are" highlight this issue,
aligning with option (b).
27. How does explain the challenges in defining the category "Personality"?
(a) The meaning of "personality" is constantly evolving.
(b) It is difficult to distinguish personality from other categories.
(c) The category only applies to certain subject areas.
(d) There is a lack of practical experience with this category.
Explanation:
"The category Personality occurs in all the main classes, but to say with certainty that it is such and such is very
difficult, indeed." This suggests difficulty in precisely defining its application, aligning with option (b).
28. What does Ranganathan suggest as the best way to understand the FFC?
(a) By studying philosophical discussions of categories.
(b) Through extensive practical experience in classification.
(c) By memorizing the definitions of each category.
(d) By analyzing the etymology of the term "fundamental category."
Explanation:
"They are best defined by enumeration" and "Only long work experience helps to recognize the categories." This
suggests experience is key, aligning with option (b).
29. How does Ranganathan defend the use of the term "Fundamental Categories" despite its lack of a formal
definition?
(a) He argues that common dictionary definitions are inadequate.
(b) He claims the meaning is self-evident through intuition.
(c) He proposes an alternative, more precise term.
(d) He admits the term is flawed but offers no solution.
Explanation:
Quotes Ranganathan: "The word-group forming the term ‘Fundamental Categories’ is an unbreakable one. It is
defined by enumeration only." This suggests he defends the term by emphasizing its specific meaning within his
system, aligning with option (a).
Ranganthan has very cleverly defended their enigmatic nature. To quote him:“I have denoted these postulated
fundamental ideas by the term ‘Fundamental Categories’.
30. Does imply that the term "Fundamental Categories" can have multiple interpretations?
(a) argues for a single, universally accepted definition.
(b) acknowledges the possibility of different interpretations.
(c) does not address the meaning of the term itself.
(d) suggests the term is entirely meaningless.
Explanation: "But the compound term fundamental-categories still remains undefined. In other words it may
also mean fundamental categories are PMEST and vice-versa" This suggests the term itself is open to
interpretation, aligning with option (b).
31. Ranganathan's Five Fundamental Categories (FFC) are intended for what purpose?
(a) Philosophical discussions about the nature of knowledge
(b) Practical application in bibliographic classification systems (c) Analyzing the etymology of subject terms
(d) Understanding the historical development of knowledge
Explanation:
The FFC terms "are used scientifically, and their practical nature is explicit." This aligns with option (b).
32. How does describe the manifestation of the FFC in different main classes?
(a) Each category manifests in exactly the same way across all classes.
(b) The FFC categories have no philosophical significance and are not used in main classes.
(c) The FFC categories manifest in various specific ways depending on the main class.
(d) Only the categories of Space and Time are used in all main classes.
Explanation: "These terms are used scientifically, and their practical nature is explicit. In any particular context
these categories can manifest themselves in a variety of specific ways in each main class." This aligns with option
(c).
33. Why are Space and Time considered "common categories" for all main classes ?
(a) They are the most abstract and least concrete categories.
(b) They are the most frequently used categories in subject analysis.
(c) They appear in the same way regardless of the subject matter.
(d) They are the starting point for identifying other categories.
Explanation:
"Space and Time are recurring, so they are the common categories for all the main classes. They remain the
same whatsoever may be the subject." This aligns with option (c).
34. Describes a specific order for the FFC (PMEST). How does this order relate to concreteness?
(a) The order is alphabetical and does not reflect concreteness.
(b) The order starts with the most abstract and progresses to the most concrete.
(c) The order starts with the most concrete and progresses to the most abstract (paradoxically).
(d) The order has no relation to the level of concreteness.
Explanation:
"the sequence PMEST is in the decreasing order of concreteness." This aligns with option (c).
35. Given the paradox of concreteness, how suggest approaching subject analysis using the FFC?
(a) Identify the most concrete category (P) first.
(b) Identify the most abstract category (T) first and work backwards.
(c) The order of identification does not matter.
(d) Focus on Space and Time categories first.
Explanation:
"Therefore, in practical classification we start by picking the [T] and come down to [P] via SEM in subject
analysis." This aligns with option (b).
The sequence PMEST is in the decreasing order of concreteness: [P] is the most concrete and least abstract; [T]
is the most abstract and least concrete. But paradoxically the [P],though most concrete, is relatively difficult to
identify. On the other hand [T] though most abstract is the most easy to be identified in a given subject.
Therefore, in practical classification we start by picking the [T] and come down to [P] via SEM in subject
analysis
36. What aspect of a subject does the time facet represent in Ranganathan's CC?
(a) The geographical location where something occurs
(b) The specific materials or objects involved
(c) The chronological aspect of the subject
(d) The actions or processes related to the subject
Explanation:
Time represents the "chronological aspect" of a subject, aligning with option (c).
37. How does describe the level of detail for representing time in the CC?
(a) The CC allows for precise specification down to day and month.
(b) The CC can represent time periods like "last decade" but not specific years.
(c) The CC allows representing specific years but not seasons or day/night.
(d) The CC can represent years, seasons, and day/night.
Explanation:
CC allows representing "time up to a particular year" but not months or days. It also mentions seasonal and
diurnal times can be denoted. This aligns with option (d).
38. How does the level of detail for representing time in the CC compare to the Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC) and Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)?
(a) The CC offers the most precise representation of time.
(b) The CC provides a similar level of detail as the DDC, but less than the UDC.
(c) The CC offers more options for representing time compared to both DDC and UDC.
(d) The passage does not discuss the comparison with other classification systems.
Explanation:
The CC provides "more than that of in the DDC, though in comparison to UDC they are quite less." This aligns
with option (b).
39. Why is the time facet considered the most abstract category in Ranganathan's FFC?
(a) Time is constantly changing and cannot be physically grasped.
(b) It is the least frequently used category in subject analysis.
(c) Time concepts are more complex than other categories.
(d) No option
Explanation:
"In the prescribed sequence of categories time comes last, being the most abstract of all the categories
(certainly we cannot catch it nor touch it)." This suggests the intangibility of time is the reason, aligning with
option (a).
40. How is the time facet represented in the CC facet formula and class number?
(a) Time is not explicitly represented in the facet formula or class number.
(b) The time facet is represented by the letter "T" in the facet formula and a colon in the class number.
(c) The time facet is represented by brackets "[T]" in the facet formula and an inverted comma in the class
number.
(d) The passage does not provide information on how time is represented.
Explanation:
Time facet is represented as "[T]" in the facet formula and "indicated by an inverted comma" in the class
number. This aligns with option (c).
Here are some examples to illustrate the kind and use of time category.
41. What kinds of divisions or groupings does the space facet represent in the CC?
(a) Chronological periods or eras
(b) Actions, processes, or activities
(c) Geographical locations and areas
(d) Materials or substances involved
Explanation:
Numerous examples like "World, Asia, India" and states these are manifestations of the space category. This
aligns with option (c).
Any division of earth such as physiographical, directionalorientation, political and administrative units, or
populationclusters are manifestations of the space category. World, Asia,India, Punjab, Amritsar, Middle East
countries, South Asia,Nordic countries, French empire, UN Member countries, Arab League, G-8,
SAARC,BRICS,Developing countries,Muslimcountries, English speaking world, Hills,Mountains, Valleys, Deserts,
Forests, Water bodies, all are examplesof the Space category in the CC,
42. How is the space facet represented in the CC facet formula and class number?
(a) The space facet is not explicitly represented.
(b) The space facet is represented by "S" in the formula and a colon in the class number.
(c) The space facet is represented by "[S]" in the formula and a dot in the class number.
(d) The space facet is represented by "T" in the formula and an inverted comma in the class number.
Explanation:
The space facet is indicated as "[S]" in the facet formula and "indicated by a dot" in the class number. This aligns
with option (c).
In the facet formula it is indicated as [S]. In the class number it is indicated by a dot, “.”In the PMEST sequence
it comes after energy. It means that it is less concrete than energy,but more concrete than time.
43. In the PMEST sequence, where does the space facet rank in terms of concreteness?
(a) It is the most concrete category.
(b) It is less concrete than energy but more concrete than time.
(c) It is equally concrete as time.
(d) The passage does not discuss the level of concreteness for space.
Explanation:
"In the PMEST sequence it comes after energy. It means that it is less concrete than energy, but more concrete
than time." This aligns with option (b).
Next to Personality, it is the most important facet--as important that from its indicator digit Colon “:” the
scheme draws its name, the Colon Classification. In the facet formula it is represented as [E]. In order of
concreteness it lies halfway of all the five categories. It means it is as concrete as it isabstract. As compared to
Space and Time categories energy poses some difficulties in identification or detection. There seems no single
term which may comprehensively define the category Energy as it exists under various main classes.
44. What is the significance of the energy facet in the CC?
(a) It is the most frequently used category in subject analysis.
(b) The name "Colon Classification" is derived from the indicator digit for energy.
(c) It is as easy to identify as the space and time facets.
(d) Verbs typically represent the energy facet in a subject.
Explanation:
"Next to Personality, it is the most important facet...from its indicator digit Colon ‘:’ the scheme draws its name."
This aligns with option (b). It also mentions "Linguistically speaking, verb takes the form of energy in the CC"
aligning with option (d).
45. Acknowledges some difficulty in identifying the energy facet. Why?
(a) There are too many specific terms used to represent energy.
(b) The concept of energy is constantly evolving.
(c) There is no single term that universally defines energy across all subjects.
(d) The passage does not mention any difficulty with the energy facet.
Explanation:
"However, broadly we can say that it is the manifestation of actions, reactions, problems, solutions, processes
and operations... There seems no single term which may comprehensively define the category Energy..." This
aligns with option (c).
46. Discusses how the energy facet ([E]) manifests across different subjects. Can you identify an example ?
(a) In Library Science, [E] refers to the materials themselves like books or CDs.
(b) In Chemistry, [E] represents the chemical elements involved.
(c) In Mathematics, [E] signifies the solution to theorems.
(d) In Life Sciences, [E] refers to the different life forms.
Explanation:
"In Mathematics, it is solution to theorems." This aligns with option (c).
47. Why does the difficulty in finding a universal definition for the energy facet?
(a) The concept of energy is too abstract for practical use.
(b) The indicator digit for energy is complex and confusing.
(c) The manifestation of energy differs across subject domains.
(d) The passage does not discuss difficulty with the energy facet.
Explanation:
"there seems no single term which may comprehensively define the category Energy as it exists under various
main classes." This aligns with option (c).
48. How is the matter facet ([M]) represented in the CC facet formula and class number?
(a) The matter facet is not explicitly represented.
(b) The matter facet is represented by "E" in the formula and a semicolon in the class number.
(c) The matter facet is represented by "[M]" in the formula and a semicolon in the class number.
(d) The matter facet is represented by "T" in the formula and an inverted comma in the class number.
Explanation:
The matter facet is indicated as "[M]" in the facet formula and "indicated by a semicolon” in the class number.
This aligns with option (c).
49. What is the role of the matter facet in relation to the energy facet?
(a) The matter facet identifies the source of the energy.
(b) The matter facet represents the outcome or result of energy.
(c) The matter facet serves as a passive element acted upon by energy.
(d) The matter facet has no relation to the energy facet.
Explanation:
"it is something passive on which energy facet acts." This aligns with option (c).
50. The matter facet is absent in most CC-6 subjects. What does CC-6 likely refer to?
(a) A 6th edition of the Colon Classification scheme
(b) A classification system completely different from CC
(c) An alternative notation system used within CC
(d) The passage made a typo and meant PMEST
Explanation:
"Most of the subjects in the CC-6." Given the context of discussing the Colon Classification (CC), CC-6 likely
refers to a 6th edition or revision of the CC system. This aligns with option (a).
51. The personality facet ([P]) in the CC. How does it compare to the other facets in terms of concreteness?
(a) It is the most abstract and least concrete facet.
(b) It is the most difficult to recognize but more concrete than others.
(c) It is the most concrete and easiest to identify.
(d) It is equally concrete as all the other facets.
Explanation:
"[P] is the most concrete and yet most difficult to recognize..." This aligns with option (b).
52. How describe the role of the personality facet in a subject?
(a) It specifies the chronological aspect of the subject.
(b) It identifies the materials or substances involved.
(c) It provides a unique identity and wholeness to the subject.
(d) It represents the actions or processes related to the subject.
Explanation:
Personality "imparts a distinct personality to the subject. It bestows an identity upon the subject." This aligns
with option (c).
53. Can you identify an example where the personality facet is manifested?
(a) The time period a historical event occurred in
(b) The specific chemical elements in a compound
(c) The style of a particular art form
(d) The geographical location of a natural resource
Explanation:
"In Fine Arts, the style (what else can give personality to an art) constitute personality." This aligns with option
(c).
In Library Science,the various kinds of libraries constitute the personality; in Chemistry the chemical
substance, in life sciences the kind of life, in Agriculture, the agricultural produce, in Medicine the body organs
and in Fine Arts, the style (what else can give personality to an art) constitute personality. Language is the personality in linguistics and literature. In Psychology and education individuals form the personality; while in
sociology,history and law, human groups constitute personality.
54. What is the residual method for identifying the personality facet?
(a) The residual method is the most accurate way to identify personality.
(b) The personality facet is too complex to have a direct identification method.
(c) The residual method helps distinguish personality from similar facets.
(d) The passage does not discuss a method for identifying personality.
Explanation:
"Since the personality facet in a subject is difficult to recognize, therefore, Ranganathan has prescribed the
Residual Method for its identification." This aligns with option (b).
55. There are Some criticisms of Ranganathan's approach to the personality facet. What are they?
(a) The concept of personality is too vague and subjective.
(b) The residual method is overly complex and time-consuming.
(c) Ranganathan did not provide clear examples for identifying personality.
(d) Both (a) and (c) are criticisms mentioned
Explanation:
The personality facet "has been most difficult for many people to understand or accept" and Ranganathan
himself "was at least partly responsible for making it look difficult." It also mentions M.A. Gopinath proposing an
alternative method. This suggests criticisms of both the concept's vagueness and the reliance on the residual
method, aligning with option (d).
Residual Method Since the personality facet in a subject is difficult to recognize, therefore, Ranganathan has
prescribed the Residual Method for its identification. A simple logic workshere. It consists in eliminating one by
one all the other easily recognizable categories, starting from the identification of Timefacet. Since the number
of categories never exceeds five, so if the other four categories have been identified, then obviously the
remainder one will be the Personality. Chemists usually employ this method of elimination in laboratories for
salt analysis. The remaining category, which Ranganathan called personality, is the one that has been most
difficult for many people to understand or accept. Ranganathan himself was at least partly responsible for
making it look difficult by describing this category as ineffable and proposing a negative method for its
identification. M.A. Gopinath, a close associate of Ranganathan, later claimed that the [P] can be identified
directly in a subject without resorting to the residual method.
56. The example of "Cataloguing of Periodicals in University Libraries" to demonstrate the CC. Which facets
are absent in this subject?
(a) Energy and Space
(b) Time and Personality
(c) Matter and Time
(d) Space and Personality
Explanation:
"we can see at the outset that the Time and Space categories are absent." This aligns with option (a).
To illustrate, a title “Cataloguing of Periodicals in University Libraries”. In this compound subject, whose main
class is 2Library Science, we can see at the outset that the Time and Space categories are absent. Energy is
cataloguing(being some action) and the periodical (being the kind of document) is the Matter facet. Now what
is left in the residue, i.e., University library, must be the Personality. In the facet formula, it is represented as *P+
and in the class numbers it is indicated by a comma “,". There are also cases where personality facet does not
require any indicator digit in the mechanics of the facet formula.
57. How is the personality facet (University Library) identified in this example?
(a) It is directly identified based on its role in the subject.
(b) It is the remaining element after eliminating other facets using the residual method.
(c) The passage does not provide a method for identifying personality in this example.
(d) Since time is absent, personality cannot be identified.
Explanation:
"Now what is left in the residue, i.e., University library, must be the Personality." This aligns with option (b).
To illustrate, a title “Cataloguing of Periodicals in University Libraries”. In this compound subject, whose main
class is 2Library Science, we can see at the outset that the Time and Space categories are absent. Energy is
cataloguing(being some action) and the periodical (being the kind of document) is the Matter facet. Now what
is left in the residue, i.e., University library, must be the Personality. In the facet formula, it is represented as *P+
and in the class numbers it is indicated by a comma “,". There are also cases where personality facet does not
require any indicator digit in the mechanics of the facet formula.
58. How is the personality facet represented in the CC facet formula and class number ?
(a) Personality is "[P]" in the formula and indicated by a comma "," in the class number.
(b) Personality is "*P+" in the formula and not indicated separately in the class number.
(c) Personality is not explicitly represented in the formula or class number.
(d) "P" in the formula and a comma "," in the class number.
Explanation:
two options: "P" in the formula and a comma "," in the class number. This aligns with option (d).
59. The Classification Research Group (CRG) and How did their approach to classification compare to
Ranganathan's?
(a) They completely rejected Ranganathan's FFC and proposed an entirely new system.
(b) They accepted the general principles of FFC but adapted it for their specific needs.
(c) They argued for a more subjective approach to classification compared to Ranganathan's.
(d) The passage does not discuss the CRG's approach to classification.
Explanation:
"They began by accepting Ranganathan’s ideas in general principle but refused slavishly to be bound by his
system in detail." This aligns with option (b).
60. The PRECIS subject indexing system. How does it relate to Ranganathan's FFC?
(a) PRECIS uses a completely different set of fundamental categories.
(b) While more extensive, PRECIS ultimately acknowledges the importance of Ranganathan's core FFC
categories.
(c) PRECIS is a derivative system based entirely on Ranganathan's FFC.
(d) The passage does not mention any connection between PRECIS and FFC.
Explanation:
The same five categories for research in general classification, three of them under the more objective terms of
Entity, Property and Activity in the PRECIS, a subject indexing system for the BNB developed by Derek Austin
(1921-2001 ). These have been recognized as the major categories, even when a more extended set has been
used.
61. The evolution of classification categories after Ranganathan's work. What role did the Classification
Research Group (CRG) play in this development?
(a) They rejected Ranganathan's FFC entirely and proposed a new system.
(b) They built upon Ranganathan's ideas but focused on special subject schemes.
(c) They primarily revised existing classification systems like Bliss Classification.
(d) All of the above (a), (b), and (c)
Explanation:
Librarians like CRG members "constructed many faceted special subject schemes" and "from the 1960s the
Classification Research Group... turned its attention to the problems of general classification." This aligns with
option (d).
The discussion of categories in bibliographic (or library) classification came only after the introduction of the
idea by Ranganathan and later by other faceteers (like the CRG ) and faceted schemes of classification for
special libraries on Ranganathan's pattern. Many librarians, such as B.C. Vickery, D.J. Foskett, J. Mills, D.W.
Langridge and other CRG members, have constructed many faceted special subject schemes on the
assumption of varying number of categories. Indeed these are facets in terms of Ranganathan.They extended
categories to the following and never asserted them to be called categories, far from being fundamental. Their
categories in order are:Thing-KindPart-Material-Property-Process-Operation-Agent
62. How did the CRG's approach to categories differ from Ranganathan's FFC?
(a) The CRG categories were more abstract and philosophical.
(b) The CRG focused on a larger number of categories not claimed to be fundamental.
(c) The CRG categories were less objective and more user-specific.
(d) The passage does not mention any significant difference.
Explanation:
"They extended categories to the following and never asserted them to be called categories, far from being
fundamental." This suggests a difference in the number and purpose of categories, aligning with option (b).
They extended categories to the following and never asserted them to be called categories, far from being
fundamental. Their categories in order are:Thing-Kind Part-Material-Property-Process-Operation-Agent
63. Can you identify an example of a category used by the CRG but not in Ranganathan's FFC?
(a) Time
(b) Space
(c) Energy
(d) Patient
Explanation:
"Patient" as a category used by the CRG but not explicitly mentioned for FFC. This aligns with option (d).
64. A revision of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification (BC-2) by Jack Mills. How did this revision approach
categories?
(a) It reduced the number of categories to match Ranganathan's FFC.
(b) It adopted entirely new categories unrelated to previous schemes.
(c) It expanded the categories used in the original Bliss Classification.
(d) The passage does not discuss the BC-2's approach to categories.
Explanation:
The revision "has elucidated categories to thirteen numbers" and "a full account of the categories and their use
is to be found in the Introduction to the BC-2 scheme." This suggests an expansion of categories, aligning with
option (c).
Work of Jack Mills(1918-2010) as a member of the CRG in total revision of the internal structure and detail of
the Bliss Bibliographic Classification. He was assisted by Vanda Broughton. A full account of the categories
and their use is to be found in the Introduction to the BC-2 scheme, 1977-.It has elucidated categories to
thirteen numbers:Thing-Kind-Part-Property-Material-Process-Operation-Patient-ProductByproduct-Agent-
Place-Time.
65. After concludes with a claim about Ranganathan's FFC. What is it?
(a) The FFC categories are no longer relevant in modern classification systems.
(b) Ranganathan himself kept revising and expanding his FFC categories.
(c) Ranganathan's FFC can be used to encompass all the CRG's categories.
(d) No option
Explanation:
"Ranganathan would easily reduce all these facets to his five fundamental categories in rounds and levels." This
suggests the author believes Ranganathan's FFC can accommodate the CRG's categories, aligning with option
(c).
66. Compares the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) with Ranganathan's Colon Classification (CC) regarding
categories. How does the DDC approach categories?
(a) The DDC uses a fixed set of five fundamental categories like the CC.
(b) The DDC traditionally did not recognize categories but recently adopted a standard order.
(c) The DDC relies solely on Time and Geographical areas for classification.
(d) The passage does not discuss the DDC's approach to categories.
Explanation:
"DDC being a hierarchical scheme does not recognize categories as such... Now it has of late realized that there
is no escape from categories. In choice or precedence of facets it now prescribes standard citation order..." This
aligns with option (b).
67. What is the standard citation order of categories adopted by the DDC?
(a) Energy, Space, Time, Personality, Matter
(b) Things, Parts, Materials, Properties, Processes
(c) Time, Place, Agent, Process, Property
(d) Things, Parts, Materials, Properties, Processes, Operations, Agents, Place, Time
Explanation:
DDC's standard citation order: "Things and their Kinds, Parts, Materials, Properties, Processes, Operations,
Agents, Place, and Time" This aligns with option (d).
68. Ranganathan's justification for the number of categories in his FFC. What is it?
(a) The number five has a special philosophical significance in knowledge organization.
(b) Ranganathan believed five categories were the absolute minimum for any system.
(c) His experience showed that five categories produced satisfactory classification results.
(d) No option
Explanation:
"His sole justification for the five is that they have worked in practice." This aligns with option (c).
69.What is Ranganathan's view on the possibility of using different categories?
(a) He rejects any alternative approaches to categorization in classification.
(b) He encourages experimentation with different numbers and types of categories.
(c) He acknowledges the possibility but believes his FFC is the most effective.
(d) The passage does not address the possibility of using different categories.
Explanation:
"One may ask ‘Why should the Fundamental Ideas postulated be five? Why not 3? Why not 6?’ It is possible.
There is absolute freedom for everybody to try it out." This aligns with option (b).
